Biotechnology

A bioreactor is a vessel that keeps living cells or enzymes under controlled conditions so they can grow and make a product, such as a drug or vaccine.

Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, mostly microbes and sometimes plants, to break down or remove pollutants from soil, water or air.

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, cells or their molecules to make products or carry out processes that are useful to people.

CRISPR is a genome-editing technology, adapted from a bacterial defense system, that uses a guide RNA to direct an enzyme such as Cas9 to cut DNA.

Gene therapy is a treatment that changes the genes inside a patient's cells, by adding, replacing, silencing or editing DNA, to treat or prevent disease.

Genetic engineering is the direct change of an organism's DNA using laboratory techniques, to add, remove or alter genes and give it new traits.

How PCR copies one stretch of DNA: heat the strands apart, cool so primers bind, let Taq build new strands, and repeat until the copies number billions.

A Y-shaped protein of the immune system: two arms that bind a target, and a stem that calls in the cells and proteins that destroy it.

The jellyfish protein that glows green: a barrel of eleven beta strands around a chromophore it makes from three of its own amino acids.

Designs and runs the processes that use living cells to make products such as vaccines, antibodies, enzymes and biofuels at scale.

Uses living cells, enzymes and microbes to make useful products, from medicines and vaccines to cleaner fuels and hardier crops.

Protects inventions by turning the science behind them into patent applications, then defends or challenges those patents for clients.

Studies how plants grow, fight off disease and respond to soil and climate, and uses that knowledge to improve crops.

Gets medicines, medical devices and other health products approved, then keeps them within the law for as long as they are sold.

Applies engineering to medicine, designing and testing devices such as artificial limbs, implants, imaging systems and patient monitors.

Where 109 common enzymes cut a sequence or plasmid, the fragments a digest gives on a virtual gel, and the enzymes that cut once or not at all.

Melting temperature by the nearest-neighbour method with salt and magnesium corrections, plus GC, runs, hairpins and dimers, and where a pair sits on a template.

How many grams to weigh for a solution, or what concentration or volume you made, from the formula weight.